Short Introduction
Constitutional Amendments in Sri Lanka are changes made to the Constitution to update, reform, or adjust the country’s system of governance. Since the adoption of the Second Republican Constitution in 1978, Sri Lanka has passed numerous amendments to address political, legal, and administrative issues.
Amendments play an important role in shaping executive powers, parliamentary authority, electoral reforms, independent commissions, and fundamental rights. They reflect the evolving needs of Sri Lanka’s democratic system.
Key Facts
- The current Constitution was adopted in 1978.
- More than 20 amendments have been passed since 1978.
- Amendments require a two-thirds majority in Parliament.
- Certain amendments require approval by a national referendum.
- Some amendments reduced executive powers.
- Others expanded presidential authority.
- Independent commissions were introduced through amendments.
- Electoral reforms were made through constitutional amendments.
- Amendments are reviewed by the Supreme Court before passage.
- Constitutional reform remains an ongoing political topic.
Important Dates
- 7 September 1978 – Second Republican Constitution adopted.
- 2001 – 17th Amendment established independent commissions.
- 2010 – 18th Amendment removed presidential term limits.
- 2015 – 19th Amendment reduced executive presidential powers.
- 2020 – 20th Amendment expanded executive powers.
- 2022 – 21st Amendment introduced governance reforms.
Detailed Explanation
What is a Constitutional Amendment?
A Constitutional Amendment is a formal change to the Constitution. In Sri Lanka, amendments must follow a legal procedure defined in the Constitution itself.
Most amendments require:
- A two-thirds majority in Parliament
Certain amendments affecting key provisions such as sovereignty or fundamental rights may also require:
- Approval by the people at a national referendum
Major Constitutional Amendments in Sri Lanka
17th Amendment (2001)
- Established independent commissions
- Reduced political interference in public institutions
- Strengthened democratic governance
18th Amendment (2010)
- Removed the two-term limit for the President
- Increased executive authority
19th Amendment (2015)
- Restored the two-term limit for the President
- Reduced certain presidential powers
- Strengthened independent commissions
- Increased the role of the Prime Minister and Parliament
20th Amendment (2020)
- Increased executive presidential powers
- Reduced the authority of independent commissions
21st Amendment (2022)
- Reintroduced checks and balances
- Strengthened governance reforms
- Limited certain executive powers
Role of the Supreme Court
Before being passed, proposed constitutional amendments may be reviewed by the Supreme Court. The Court determines whether:
- A two-thirds majority is sufficient, or
- A national referendum is required
This ensures constitutional compliance.
Importance of Constitutional Amendments
Constitutional amendments in Sri Lanka are important because they:
- Adjust the balance of power between branches of government
- Strengthen democratic institutions
- Reform electoral and governance systems
- Respond to political and public demands
They reflect the dynamic nature of Sri Lanka’s constitutional system.
Conclusion
Constitutional Amendments in Sri Lanka have significantly shaped the country’s political and legal framework since 1978. Through amendments, the balance between executive authority and democratic accountability has evolved over time. Understanding these amendments is essential for studying Sri Lanka’s constitution and politics.
10 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. The current Constitution of Sri Lanka was adopted in:
A. 1972
B. 1975
C. 1978
D. 1983
Correct Answer: C
2. Most constitutional amendments require a:
A. Simple majority
B. Two-thirds majority
C. Cabinet approval
D. Public protest
Correct Answer: B
3. The 17th Amendment mainly focused on:
A. Removing elections
B. Establishing independent commissions
C. Expanding military power
D. Ending Parliament
Correct Answer: B
4. The 18th Amendment removed:
A. Parliamentary elections
B. Presidential term limits
C. Fundamental rights
D. The Supreme Court
Correct Answer: B
5. The 19th Amendment mainly aimed to:
A. Increase presidential powers
B. Reduce certain presidential powers
C. Abolish the Cabinet
D. Remove elections
Correct Answer: B
6. The 20th Amendment was passed in:
A. 2015
B. 2018
C. 2020
D. 2022
Correct Answer: C
7. The 21st Amendment was introduced in:
A. 2010
B. 2015
C. 2020
D. 2022
Correct Answer: D
8. Some constitutional amendments require approval by:
A. Provincial Councils only
B. The Cabinet only
C. A national referendum
D. Foreign governments
Correct Answer: C
9. Proposed constitutional amendments may be reviewed by the:
A. Parliament
B. Cabinet
C. Supreme Court
D. Police Commission
Correct Answer: C
10. Constitutional amendments are important because they:
A. End democracy
B. Prevent elections
C. Adjust the balance of power
D. Remove laws
Correct Answer: C