Short Introduction
The History of Sri Lankan Constitutions reflects the political and constitutional evolution of the country from colonial rule to an independent republic. Since independence, Sri Lanka has adopted several constitutional frameworks that shaped its system of governance, political institutions, and citizens’ rights.
From the Soulbury Constitution under British rule to the current 1978 Constitution, each constitutional change marked a significant transformation in Sri Lanka’s political structure. These changes influenced the balance of power between the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary.
Key Facts
- Sri Lanka has had three major constitutional phases after independence.
- The Soulbury Constitution operated from 1947 to 1972.
- The First Republican Constitution was adopted in 1972.
- The Second Republican Constitution was adopted in 1978.
- The 1978 Constitution introduced the Executive Presidency.
- The country changed its name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka in 1972.
- Constitutional amendments require a two-thirds parliamentary majority.
- Some amendments also require a national referendum.
- The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution.
- Over 20 amendments have been passed since 1978.
Important Dates
- 1947 – Soulbury Constitution came into effect.
- 4 February 1948 – Independence under the Soulbury Constitution.
- 22 May 1972 – First Republican Constitution adopted.
- 7 September 1978 – Second Republican Constitution adopted.
- 2015 – 19th Amendment introduced governance reforms.
- 2022 – 21st Amendment introduced further reforms.
Detailed Explanation
Soulbury Constitution (1947–1972)
The Soulbury Constitution was introduced before independence and came into operation in 1947. Under this Constitution:
- Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) was a Dominion within the British Commonwealth.
- The British monarch remained Head of State.
- A Governor-General represented the monarch.
- Parliament functioned under a Westminster-style system.
This Constitution provided parliamentary democracy but did not make Sri Lanka a republic.
First Republican Constitution (1972)
In 1972, Sri Lanka adopted its first Republican Constitution. Key features included:
- Sri Lanka became a Republic.
- The country’s name changed from Ceylon to Sri Lanka.
- The National State Assembly replaced Parliament.
- The British monarch was removed as Head of State.
This Constitution strengthened parliamentary supremacy and emphasized national sovereignty.
Second Republican Constitution (1978)
In 1978, Sri Lanka adopted a new Constitution that remains in force today. Major features include:
- Introduction of the Executive Presidential System.
- Direct election of the President by the people.
- Proportional Representation electoral system.
- Recognition of Fundamental Rights.
The 1978 Constitution significantly expanded executive powers compared to earlier systems.
Constitutional Amendments
Since 1978, numerous amendments have been passed. Some important ones include:
- 17th Amendment – Established independent commissions.
- 18th Amendment – Removed presidential term limits.
- 19th Amendment – Reduced presidential powers and restored term limits.
- 20th Amendment – Increased executive authority.
- 21st Amendment – Introduced governance and accountability reforms.
Amendments reflect changing political priorities and reform efforts.
Importance of Constitutional Development
The constitutional history of Sri Lanka demonstrates the country’s transition:
- From colonial rule to independence
- From dominion status to a republic
- From parliamentary to executive presidential governance
These constitutional changes shaped the structure of Sri Lanka’s modern political system.
Conclusion
The History of Sri Lankan Constitutions highlights the country’s evolving political journey. From the Soulbury Constitution to the present 1978 Constitution, each phase brought significant reforms in governance and democratic practice. Understanding constitutional development is essential for studying Sri Lanka’s politics and state structure.
10 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. The Soulbury Constitution came into effect in:
A. 1945
B. 1947
C. 1948
D. 1972
Correct Answer: B
2. Sri Lanka became a republic in:
A. 1948
B. 1956
C. 1972
D. 1978
Correct Answer: C
3. The 1978 Constitution introduced the:
A. Federal system
B. Executive Presidential System
C. Monarchy
D. Military government
Correct Answer: B
4. Under the Soulbury Constitution, Sri Lanka was a:
A. Republic
B. Dominion
C. Federal state
D. Military state
Correct Answer: B
5. The name “Sri Lanka” was officially adopted in:
A. 1948
B. 1956
C. 1972
D. 1978
Correct Answer: C
6. The 19th Amendment mainly aimed to:
A. Abolish Parliament
B. Reduce certain presidential powers
C. End elections
D. Establish monarchy
Correct Answer: B
7. Constitutional amendments generally require a:
A. Simple majority
B. Two-thirds majority
C. Public vote only
D. Court decision only
Correct Answer: B
8. The Supreme Court’s role includes:
A. Making laws
B. Conducting elections
C. Interpreting the Constitution
D. Managing ministries
Correct Answer: C
9. The first Republican Constitution was adopted in:
A. 1947
B. 1948
C. 1972
D. 1978
Correct Answer: C
10. The current Constitution of Sri Lanka was adopted in:
A. 1948
B. 1972
C. 1978
D. 1983
Correct Answer: C