Short Introduction
The Constitution of Sri Lanka is the supreme law of the country. It defines the structure of government, the powers of state institutions, and the rights of citizens. All laws and government actions must comply with the Constitution.
Sri Lanka has had three main constitutions since independence. The current Constitution was adopted in 1978 and introduced the Executive Presidential System. Over the years, several constitutional amendments have been passed to strengthen democracy, governance, and fundamental rights.
Key Facts
- The first Republican Constitution was adopted in 1972.
- The present Constitution was enacted on 7 September 1978.
- The 1978 Constitution introduced the Executive Presidency.
- The Constitution declares Sri Lanka a Democratic Socialist Republic.
- It recognizes Buddhism as having the “foremost place.”
- It guarantees Fundamental Rights to citizens.
- Parliament is the legislative authority of the country.
- The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority.
- Constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority in Parliament.
- Some amendments also require approval by a national referendum.
Important Dates
- 4 February 1948 – Sri Lanka gained independence (Soulbury Constitution period).
- 22 May 1972 – First Republican Constitution adopted.
- 7 September 1978 – Second Republican Constitution enacted.
- 2001 – 17th Amendment established independent commissions.
- 2015 – 19th Amendment reduced presidential powers.
- 2020 – 20th Amendment strengthened presidential powers.
- 2022 – 21st Amendment introduced governance reforms.
Detailed Explanation
Historical Background
After independence in 1948, Sri Lanka operated under the Soulbury Constitution. In 1972, the country became a republic and adopted its first home-grown constitution. In 1978, a new constitution replaced it and established the Executive Presidential System, which remains in effect today.
Structure of Government
The Constitution provides for three main branches of government:
Executive
The President is both Head of State and Head of Government. The President appoints the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Ministers.
Legislative
Parliament consists of 225 Members of Parliament elected by the people. Parliament is responsible for making laws.
Judicial
The judiciary is independent. The Supreme Court is the highest court and has the power to interpret the Constitution.
Fundamental Rights
The Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights, including:
- Right to equality
- Freedom of speech and expression
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom from torture
- Right to constitutional remedies
Citizens can apply to the Supreme Court if their fundamental rights are violated.
Constitutional Amendments
The Constitution can be amended by Parliament. Most amendments require:
- A two-thirds majority in Parliament
Certain important changes also require:
- Approval by the people at a national referendum
Amendments have focused on electoral reforms, presidential powers, independent commissions, and good governance.
Conclusion
The Constitution of Sri Lanka is the foundation of the country’s legal and political system. It defines the structure of government, protects citizens’ rights, and ensures the rule of law. Understanding the Constitution is essential for students, voters, and anyone interested in Sri Lanka’s governance.
10 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. The current Constitution of Sri Lanka was enacted in:
A. 1948
B. 1972
C. 1978
D. 1988
Correct Answer: C
2. Sri Lanka became a republic in:
A. 1948
B. 1956
C. 1972
D. 1978
Correct Answer: C
3. The 1978 Constitution introduced the:
A. Parliamentary Monarchy
B. Executive Presidential System
C. Federal System
D. Military Government
Correct Answer: B
4. The legislative power of Sri Lanka is exercised by:
A. The President
B. The Supreme Court
C. Parliament
D. The Cabinet
Correct Answer: C
5. The highest court in Sri Lanka is the:
A. High Court
B. District Court
C. Court of Appeal
D. Supreme Court
Correct Answer: D
6. A constitutional amendment generally requires:
A. Simple majority in Parliament
B. Two-thirds majority in Parliament
C. Approval of the President only
D. Approval of the Prime Minister only
Correct Answer: B
7. Fundamental Rights petitions are filed in the:
A. High Court
B. District Court
C. Supreme Court
D. Magistrate Court
Correct Answer: C
8. Sri Lanka is officially described as a:
A. Federal Republic
B. Democratic Socialist Republic
C. Constitutional Monarchy
D. Socialist Federation
Correct Answer: B
9. The President of Sri Lanka is:
A. Only Head of State
B. Only Head of Government
C. Head of State and Head of Government
D. Head of Judiciary
Correct Answer: C
10. Some constitutional amendments require approval by:
A. Provincial Councils only
B. The Cabinet only
C. A national referendum
D. Foreign governments
Correct Answer: C